Within the Nineteen Sixties NASA started creating a system of reusable area shuttles to make its work extra environment friendly and to cut back prices. The shuttles may launch like rockets, maneuver in Earth’s orbit, and land like airplanes. Additionally they may carry massive satellites to and from orbit.
Like different kinds of transportation, equipment ultimately breaks down, and elements must be changed or fastened. And the cargo being carried to and from Earth needs to be moved to its closing vacation spot. To finish such duties, Spar Aerospace (now a part of MDA Space) of Brampton, Ont., Canada, and the National Research Council in Ottawa developed a robotic arm, the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System. The venture was a three way partnership between the U.S. and Canadian governments.
Often known as Canadarms, the robotic instruments connected to shuttles’ exteriors. They allowed astronauts to deal with and switch instruments, satellites, and different payloads. Inspections of the shuttle and repairs may very well be accomplished utilizing the robots.
The system was first deployed in 1981 aboard Columbia’s second flight. Canadarm was used for 30 years on 5 shuttles and on the International Space Station.
The robotic arm was devoted on 19 June because the three hundredth IEEE Milestone. The ceremony was held at MDA House headquarters. The IEEE Toronto Section sponsored the nomination.
“It’s acceptable that the three hundredth Milestone is the Canadarm,” says Michael Geselowitz, senior director of the IEEE History and Heritage group. “The expertise spans aerospace, robotics, and computing fields of curiosity. It includes worldwide cooperation between the United States and Canada, and it reveals how IEEE and its members are on the chopping fringe of many frontiers of science and expertise.”
In search of to collaborate with different international locations on the reusable spacecraft, NASA invited Canada to take part in 1969. It took a while for the nation’s officers to find out what expertise it may contribute. They realized of a robotic that loaded and changed spent fuel bundles in Canada’s deuterium uranium nuclear reactors, based on the Milestone webpage. That robotic, developed by DSMA-Atcon (additionally now a part of MDA House), impressed what would develop into the Canadarm.
A proposal was submitted in 1974 to design and construct the Shuttle Distant Manipulator System. The robotic arm would unload the contents of the area shuttle’s payload bay. NASA accredited the venture, and growth started in 1975.
Canada had no area company on the time, so the nation’s Nationwide Analysis Council coordinated the organizations that collaborated on the venture. Spar Aerospace led the subcontractor group, which included DMSA-Atcon, CAE, and the Canadian subsidiary of RCA Corp. Engineers from the College of Toronto’s Institute for Aerospace Studies contributed to the venture.
Constructing an arm for zero gravity
NASA had strict necessities for the robotic: The arm needed to be light-weight and sufficiently small to suit on the shuttle, as detailed in an article revealed by the College of Toronto. It additionally needed to transfer ahead and backward, up and down, left and proper, and rotate alongside three perpendicular axes (referred to as six levels of freedom).
To realize all that, engineer Peter Carlisle Hughes designed the robotic with two shoulder joints, one elbow, and three rotating wrists.
“Every joint had six levels of freedom, and the arm had six hyperlinks in order that it may seize something from any angle and transfer it anyplace,” Hughes mentioned within the article. The IEEE life member labored on the Institute for Aerospace Research.
“This milestone is a reminder of the privilege all of us have at MDA House—as engineers, designers, builders, operators—to construct expertise that shapes historical past.” —Holly Johnson, MDA House vp
The arm was 50 meters lengthy and weighed 400 kilograms. It was made from supplies that might stand up to outer area’s harsh atmosphere: titanium, stainless steel, and graphite epoxy. The arm was so light-weight that it couldn’t help itself underneath Earth’s gravity, so it lay on air bearings on the lab ground at Spar’s Brampton headquarters.
CAE engineers, together with IEEE Life Member David A. Weston, designed the show and management panel in addition to the hand controllers astronauts would use to watch and function the robotic.
As a result of the robotic arm was meant to work in zero gravity, a room that simulated a weightless atmosphere was constructed to check it. A pc-based simulation facility was constructed in Spar’s headquarters to guage its controllability utilizing two simulation fashions, based on the College of Toronto. RIGID, an early computer simulation mannequin, examined each a part of the arm apart from its versatile properties. ASAD, which stood for “all singing, all dancing,” examined the arm’s actions, guaranteeing the joints operated appropriately. Each had been created by Hughes and Spar engineer Andrew A. Goldenberg, who’s now a professor emeritus on the College of Toronto.
The ability was additionally used to coach astronauts on tips on how to use Canadarm.
It took 5 years for the primary Canadarm to be accomplished. In February 1981, it was offered to NASA on the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla., and deployed that November.
Raise off into area
Astronaut Stephen Robinson is anchored to a foot restraint on the prolonged Canadarm2 connected to the International Space Station throughout an extravehicular exercise he carried out in 2005.NASA
The Canadarm was connected to the skin of the shuttle. Astronauts had been capable of monitor the arm’s actions via a reside video feed supplied by cameras put in on the wrist and elbow joints, based on the Milestone webpage. Utilizing a hand controller and screens situated within the shuttle’s flight deck, astronauts dealt with and transferred instruments, satellites, and different payloads weighing up 266,000 kilograms utilizing minimal electrical energy.
NASA ordered 4 extra methods. In 2001, Canadarm2 was connected to the Worldwide House Station and used to assist construct the orbiting laboratory. It’s a everlasting a part of the station, nonetheless finishing upkeep duties and shifting provides.
Through the course of the 30-year shuttle program, the arms carried out efficiently and achieved the flight’s mission.
The unique Canadarm took its closing flight in July 2011 aboard the Atlantis shuttle.
Celebrating IEEE’s three hundredth Milestone
The IEEE Milestone dedication ceremony was held at MDA House’s headquarters in Toronto, the place the division that developed the Canadarm was situated. The occasion introduced collectively IEEE leaders and lots of the engineers who helped develop the robotic system. Jill Gostin, the 2026 IEEE president‑elect, gave the opening remarks at the ceremony. She emphasised that the Milestone was not solely celebrating the expertise but additionally “the engineers, builders, programmers, and visionaries who believed expertise may develop human chance and who dared to push the boundaries of what humanity may obtain past Earth.”
To commemorate the achievement, Holly Johnson, vp of MDA Robotics and House Operations, and IEEE Life Senior Member David Michelson, chair of the IEEE Communications Society’s Communications History Committee, unveiled a bronze plaque that honored the expertise. Michelson was the Milestone’s proposer.
“This milestone is a reminder of the privilege all of us have at MDA House—as engineers, designers, builders, operators—to construct expertise that shapes historical past,” Johnson mentioned. “That very same pioneering spirit that drove our group in these early days of area exploration now propels us into a brand new period as we work to construct the infrastructure for the moon and past.”
The plaque, which was positioned at MDA House headquarters, reads:
In 1981 NASA first deployed a Shuttle Distant Manipulator System aboard the Space Shuttle. Developed by Spar Aerospace (now MDA House) and the Nationwide Analysis Council of Canada, the Canadarm allowed astronauts to soundly and reliably manipulate and switch heavy payloads outdoors of the Shuttle, and to conduct inspections and repairs. This robotic system performed a key position within the Shuttle and Worldwide House Station applications, and revolutionized human spaceflight.
Reviewed by the IEEE History Committee and accredited by the IEEE Board of Directors, IEEE Milestones acknowledge excellent technical developments world wide which might be at the very least 25 years outdated. The Milestone program is run by the IEEE History and Heritage group.
To study extra about historic figures in engineering, IEEE Milestones, and IEEE History Heart applications and occasions, take a look at The Institute’s IEEE Tech History collection. IEEE Spectrum additionally covers points of tech history.
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