Nsukka, Nigeria — Since early childhood, Chidi Nwaohia’s life has swung like a pendulum between two religious paths: Christianity and African conventional faith.
His life was all the time marked by thriller, says the 59-year-old who was raised a religious nondenominational Christian in Amachi Nsulu, close to Aba in southeast Nigeria.
Earlier than he had turned a yr outdated, he strayed in a single day and went lacking. “I used to be discovered the subsequent morning in the identical trench they searched the day gone by,” he stated.
Three days later, he had a sudden match and fell gravely ailing. His mother and father took him to a hospital, however when his situation didn’t enhance, they approached a standard healer for solutions. The dibia (priest and drugs man) attributed his sickness to the gods, saying it was an indication of Nwaohia’s inescapable future to steer his individuals within the historical traditions of the Igbo individuals.
“The dibia stated I used to be the reincarnation of my grandfather,” Nwaohia stated. “His return to the earth as a strong conventional priest was foretold [before he died].”
Such doctrine just isn’t unusual in cultures and religious practices throughout West Africa. However Nwaohia’s mom, on account of her deep Christian religion, acquired the prophecy with doubt and saved it from her son.
When Nwaohia turned 17 in 1983, he was baptised. However on the day of the baptism, he had an accident. “Whereas driving my bike dwelling with the person who baptised me, I immediately veered into the bush and sustained fleshly accidents, however my co-rider was unscathed,” he stated, later coming to the conclusion that it was an indication he was on the flawed path.
However again then, Nwaohia was nonetheless unaware of the prophecy, so at age 18, he grew to become a Bible trainer at a church in his hometown.
After one other highway accident – a automobile crash in 1987 – left him with a limp and leg accidents he stated wouldn’t heal regardless of years of hospital care, he took a pal’s recommendation and went to a medication man for assist. The injuries, the dibia informed him, have been indicators that Nwaohia’s calling to the priesthood within the African conventional religion was due.
Nwaohia, then 23, informed his mom what the dibia stated. She lastly revealed the prophecy she acquired about him a few years in the past. Though she was hesitant about it, he felt his path was now clearer, and step by step, he accepted his new religious function.
“Individuals who determine and observe their true path will thrive, whereas those that stray will face difficulties till they discover their approach again,” stated Nwaohia, who claims his leg harm healed by itself after he embraced his calling.
He was formally ordained a dibia in 1993, in an elaborate ceremony that included prayers, rituals of purification and imaginative and prescient, in addition to frenzied dances, drumming and initiations. Different spiritualists supplied Igbo prayers to Chukwu (the supreme being), Ndi Ichie (the ancestors), and the gods and spirits that management the bodily and religious worlds, asking for acceptance, steering, safety and blessings.
Christianity is the primary faith in Nigeria, a rustic of greater than 200 million individuals. However within the years since Nwaohia modified his religious path, a rising variety of younger individuals have been shifting away from monotheistic faiths in the direction of Indigenous African beliefs, in response to spiritual leaders and observers Al Jazeera spoke to.
There’s a dearth of knowledge and analysis on the difficulty, observers stated, however they began noticing the development within the early 2000s. Many attribute it to rising apathy in the direction of Christianity, however some say pastors specializing in materials wealth over religious wellbeing – one thing opposite to the Bible’s teachings – leads individuals to think about various spiritual choices.
Coexistence or irreconcilable variations?
Christianity was first dropped at Nigeria by Portuguese merchants and slavers within the fifteenth century. Nevertheless, the religion was restricted to the coastal areas of the nation the place they have been based mostly. It remained so till the arrival of British colonialists within the nineteenth century. The Christian religion then unfold to varied elements of Nigeria by the efforts of missionaries and a few emancipated slaves.
However earlier than the introduction of Christianity and different monotheistic faiths like Islam, Nigerians had a spiritual perception system targeted on deep connections with the ancestors, the bodily and religious worlds, and community-specific deities.
At present, many converts leaving Christianity face opposition at dwelling. Nwaohia’s mom, for one, was initially sad about his resolution to turn into a dibia, seeing his conversion as an affront to her beliefs.
Households of converts additionally worry the social stigma related to conventional beliefs. Many communities view ancestors, divination and different religious rites with distrust. Worshippers can face extreme discrimination, with beliefs branded “pagan”, “demonic” or “witchcraft”. This displays colonial missionaries’ affect, which portrayed Indigenous religion as archaic and spiritually perilous, observers say.
Nevertheless, for adherents of African conventional faith, each beliefs typically coexist.
Some individuals attend church on Sundays whereas searching for recommendation from a dibia at different instances, all of the whereas collaborating in each Christian and conventional rituals like naming ceremonies or funerals.
The adherents of conventional religion interviewed by Al Jazeera say all spiritual divinity is captured of their pantheon, together with the Christian God. Consequently, many mix Christian and Indigenous practices.
This method to faith has turn into engaging in a society the place spiritual zealotry has brought on division and violence, together with battle between Christians and Muslims.
Echezona Obiagbaosogu, 49, a former Catholic priest who now practises each Christian and conventional faiths, recounted the story of a person who remained each a faithful Christian and a rainmaker, even serving on the parish council till his loss of life. Nevertheless, regardless of such examples of harmonious coexistence, he famous that some zealous preachers say the faiths are incompatible.
The seek for private conviction is inspiring a return to the type of religion many Africans hyperlink to their roots. Obiagbaosogu, at one level in his journey as a priest, discovered himself questioning whether or not his religious path was really in sync together with his internal convictions.
“I felt that possibly my private relationship with God wanted one thing extra from me,” he stated, with out elaborating on what he felt was lacking. After seven years of inside wrestle and discovering no aid in Christianity, he embraced conventional faith in 2022, his sixteenth yr as a priest.
He had additionally confronted related challenges within the seminary the place he studied, main him to start out a society for African tradition together with his colleagues to discover African spiritual ideas or practices and their place in Christianity.
Obiagbaosogu believes each conventional and Christian spiritual practices supply totally different views on understanding the supernatural.
“People crown realities and create ideas, and we turn into slaves to the ideas we create. Nothing occurs while you resolve to recuse your self from the ideas,” he stated.
‘Simple cash’
Past the religious points, some say flawed perceptions and the seek for straightforward wealth have additionally contributed to the rising development of younger individuals shifting from Christianity to African conventional faith.
Many younger individuals embrace conventional beliefs pondering it’ll result in wealth, some clergy say, as a result of perception that alignment with the deities and spirits can grant blessings, monetary breakthroughs or supernatural help in private and financial endeavours.
“They’re very interested by cash, and the African conventional faith gives them a simple approach to make some,” stated Anthony Oluba, a Catholic priest.
However some argue that it’s in truth Christian church buildings’ emphasis on materials wealth that has brought on them to need to go away the faith.
Kingsley Akunwafor, 31, a tailor and former Catholic, stated the commercialisation of some Christian church buildings and their choice for rich people undermines spiritual credibility and has led to rising apathy in the direction of Christianity.
Clerics demand choices for miracles and blessings, distracting the Christian church from core duties, together with the religious welfare of members, stated Akunwafor, who requested a pseudonym as he now practises conventional beliefs in secret.
Some clergy are additionally accused of desirous to earn cash off the church for private acquire.
Joel Ugwoke, an Anglican priest, informed Al Jazeera he is aware of a businessman who misplaced confidence within the establishment after he bought a Pentecostal pastor an influence generator for the church. The pastor requested the businessman to inflate the value on invoices to the church in order that he might pocket the distinction with out arousing suspicion.
Chinedu Oshaba, 37, one other former Catholic, embraced conventional religion greater than a decade in the past after witnessing the Church prioritising cash over empathy.
A faithful member was denied a church burial due to unpaid levies. With nobody to settle her debt, one other church of a distinct denomination finally carried out her funeral. “They stripped her of her membership, throwing away all her years of dedication,” Oshaba stated.
Many orthodox church buildings acquire month-to-month or annual levies from members, together with to feed monks and bishops, keep church buildings, and assist bury members. Nevertheless, in Indigenous religion, burial rites are granted to all members no matter monetary standing. Oshaba sees this as a bonus over Christian church buildings, the place the bereaved are charged for funeral companies, together with charges for officiating clerics and church services.
Some Christian clerics have noticed the development of extra individuals seemingly shifting in the direction of African spirituality. There are ongoing reforms and conversations throughout numerous denominations on enchantment to worshippers, spiritual leaders stated.
Oluba’s Catholic congregation, as an example, appeals to individuals by offering assist with agriculture, by coaching alternatives and grants, whereas Anglican priest Ugwoke says he’s cautious about his method to church doctrine and the way he teaches it.
“I practise what I preach as a result of they [the congregation] focus extra on me than what I preach,” Ugwoke informed Al Jazeera.
‘Christianity could also be dislodged’
Christianity by colonialism grew to become distinguished in Nigeria within the twentieth century, shortly being launched in faculties within the southern a part of the nation. The unfold was typically marked by violence, which killed individuals and displaced the Indigenous peoples who survived.
“Once you deceive or conquer one, two, or three generations of a individuals, there’ll all the time be the descendant generations that may defy you, having identified the reality by themselves and for themselves,” stated Chijioke Ngobili, a historian.
Now, as social media empowers free speech, extra younger individuals are talking up in regards to the colonial atrocities in Nigeria. This, some observers say, is making a risk to the dominance of Christianity.
“With younger adherents of Indigenous spirituality probably turning into future intellectuals, politicians, capitalists and policymakers, Christianity could also be dislodged,” stated Ngobili, who can be an adherent of conventional religion.
Some church buildings have reported a shortage of younger members, who are sometimes those to steer music and singing throughout church classes. “One church even stopped utilizing musical devices as a result of its younger male members left for Indigenous religion,” stated Oluba, the Catholic priest.
With extra younger individuals leaving, Oluba worries in regards to the church shedding its function as a beacon of morality and conscience in society. In the meantime, different clerics fear in regards to the younger individuals embracing conventional religion to make use of it to realize wealth and energy by black magic.
Nevertheless, historian Ngobili argues that darkish forces are usually not inherent to conventional religion, however fairly introduced in by these with unfavorable intentions.
“The dangerous ones take their vices – reminiscent of greed, need for wealth with out work, instantaneous gratification, violence, amongst others – into the observe of Indigenous faiths,” he stated.
The misuse of sure highly effective practices and processes is what tarnishes the picture of conventional religion, he stated, resulting in societal distrust and reinforcing unfavorable stereotypes.
African approach of worship
At sundown on a day in January, in his hometown of Amachi Nsulu, Nwaohia gathered open air on the grounds of his shrine, making ready to invoke the gods.
Together with his index finger, he marked the outer sides of his eyes with a white kaolin earlier than gulping a mouthful of gin from a bottle. Then, with a pinch of kola nut between his fingers, he moved slowly between the assorted collectible figurines of his oracles, adorned in animal blood.
“Our ancestors ate kola. Spirits drink,” he stated, pouring droplets of the gin.
Since changing, Nwaohia has been absorbed deeply in what he believes is the true religion that attracts him nearer to the spirits of his ancestry, and the goodwill of his forefathers, diligently following the foundations of rituals he has realized.
The African approach of worship sees prayers happen within the morning and at sundown, typically accompanied by libations, with sizzling drinks, kola nut and kaolin. Stones, carved photographs and bushes are thought of houses for the gods, and are sometimes used because the illustration of their presence.
Then there are annual and seasonal festivals to mark the harvest seasons, in addition to masquerade ceremonies. Choices, together with kola nut, yams, different meals or sacrificial animals, are made at shrines to hunt blessings, safety or steering. Blood sacrifices of fowls or goats are carried out to appease spirits or mark occasions.
However there is no such thing as a written legislation to information adherents into particular acts.
Worshippers imagine that there’s a connection between people and pure parts just like the earth, water, vegetation and animals, and that sure wrongdoings – together with homicide, adultery and injustice – are usually not simply an offence in opposition to people however the entirety of nature.
As a substitute of gathering in a standard meeting, like church buildings, members largely spend quiet instances in reflection and searching for reality and equity in their very own actions.
However for converts, this could current a problem: a scarcity of mentors. For a religion based mostly on private meditation, with out leaders who information and provides sermons in church buildings, new worshippers can wallow in confusion.
This, when added to the shrouded nature of sure ritualistic practices within the religion, gives a much less organised construction for studying and understanding key doctrines.
Younger adherents from Christian houses typically bear the brunt, as there is no such thing as a generational switch of information.
“Once I left the church, my father arrange my shrine for me and taught me all the things,” stated Oshaba, whose father had transformed to African conventional faith earlier than he was born. However most others wouldn’t have a information.
In excessive circumstances, stigma causes household and buddies to ostracise new converts. Because of this, Akunwafor says he is compelled to sometimes attend the Catholic Church to keep away from being sidelined by his buddies and relations.
The tailor has practised his conventional religion secretly since he transformed about 5 years in the past.
“I’m very bothered by my incapability to practise my religion overtly due to flawed perceptions about it, however I’m hopeful that my God will give me confidence finally,” he stated.
Equally, Obiagbaosogu didn’t have a simple transition. “I misplaced buddies,” he informed Al Jazeera. “My relationship with others could not have been easy, however we’re shifting ahead and I’m constructing new connections.”
Nevertheless, on uncommon events, family members do come round. In Nwaohia’s case, though his mom was initially displeased, finally the entire household welcomed his new life as a standard priest.
“My God has prospered me,” Nwaohia stated. “I’ve not had any purpose to cry since I grew to become a dibia.”
